I made these photographs in 1997 for my M.A. thesis 'Ndani ya Bongo, Kiswahili-rap keeping it real' (2000). A shorter version of my thesis was published in 2000: Gesthuizen T. and Haas P.-J. ‘Ndani ya Bongo. Kiswahili rap keeping it real’, in Gunderson F. and Barz G. (eds), Mashindano! Competitive Music Performance in East Africa. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota, 2000. As far as I know this was the first scholarly publication on Tanzanian hip-hop culture and rap music.